Песни менестрелей

Песни менестрелей (blackface minstrel songs) были популярным развлекательным жанром, достигшим своего пика в середине девятнадцатого века. Жанр получил свое название «blackface minstrel songs» от манеры белых исполнителей чернить лица обожженной пробкой. Нещадно эксплуатируя в своих выступлениях карикатурные образы афроамериканцев, менестрели были очень популярны среди белой аудитории. На этих карикатурах обычно изображался либо некультурный и беспечный раб плантации (Jim Crow) в потрепанной одежде или медлительный, озорной и дерзко одетый городской денди (Zip Coon или Dandy Jim). Оба были глупы, ленивы и очень любили арбузы и курицу. Эти два стереотипа оставались самыми стойкими в репертуаре менестрелей в течение нескольких десятилетий. Классическая эра менестрелей началась в конце 1830-х годов, когда отдельные исполнители начали собираться в дуэты, трио и квартеты. К 1840-м годам шоу менестрелей, как правило, делилось на две части: первая была посвящена в основном городским чернокожим модникам, вторая – рабам на плантациях американского Юга.

Существенным изменением в жанре менестрелей стало развитие трупп чернокожих исполнителей, влияние которых стало очевидным после гражданской войны. Труппы предоставили возможность для проявления и развития талантов афроамериканцев. В дополнение к плантационным сценам и карикатурам, свойственным белым исполнителям, черные труппы включали в свои шоу афроамериканскую религиозную и народную музыку. Среди чернокожих исполнителей наиболее популярными были «Original Georgia Minstrels», «Haverly's Colored Minstrels», «Sprague's Georgia Minstrels» и «W.S. Cleveland's Colored Minstrels». На рубеже веков большинство профессиональных трупп превратились из классических менестрелей в бурлеск - жанр, предшествующий бродвейскому мюзиклу и лишь незначительно связанный с шоу менестрелей. Тем не менее, среди артистов-любителей и продюсеров, менестрели продолжали оставаться популярным жанром музыкальных развлечений вплоть до 1920-х годов.

Список наиболее известных песен менестрелей (List of blackface minstrel songs) (Авторы песен и даты публикации указаны там, где они установлены).

A

•          "Alabama Joe" (a.k.a. "Shall Trelawney Die") (before 1855)

•          "The Arkansas Traveler"

•          "At Night When de Nigga's Work Is Done"

B

•          "Babylon Is Fallen", Henry Clay Work (1863)

•          "Back Side of Albany"

•          "The Band of Niggers! From 'Ole Virginny State'" (1844)

•          "The Bee-Gum", G. Willig (1833)

•          "Billy Patterson", Dan Emmett (1860)

•          "The Black Brigade", Dan Emmett (1863)

•          "Blue Tail Fly" (a.k.a. "Jimmy Crack Corn") c. 1846

•          "The Boatman's Dance", credited to Dan Emmett (1843)9 (Emmett, Boston, 1840s or 1842)

•          "Bonja Song" (c. 1820)

•          "Bowery Gals" (a.k.a. "As I Was Lumbering")

•          "Bress Dat Lubly Yaller Gal"

•          "Briggs' Breakdown", Z. Bacchus

C

•          "Camptown Races", Stephen Foster, (1850)

•          "Carry Me Back to Old Virginny"* James A. Bland

•          "Charleston Gals" (1844)

•          "Ching a Ring Chaw"

•          "Claire de Kitchen", performed as early as 1832 by T. D. Rice and George Washington Dixon

•          "Clar de Track", 1840s.

•          "Clem Titus' Jig", published by Dan Emmett

•          "Coal Black Rose" (c. 1829)1819

•          "Come Back Stephen"/"Come Back Steben"

•          "Cornfield Green"

•          "Cynthia Sue"

D

•          "Dandy Broadway Swell", Elias Howe (1849)

•          "Dandy Jim from Caroline" (and variants), Dan Emmett (c. 1844)

•          "Dar He Goes! Dats Him!", Dan Emmett (1844)

•          "Dere Be Any Malted Licker Here?"

•          "Darkey Money Musk" (a.k.a. "Money Must", "Holyrood or Moneymusk", "Sir Archibald Grant of Monymusk's Reel"), Daniel Dow (1780)

•          "Darkies' Pastime"

•          "Dearest May"

•          "Dick Myers' Jig", published by Dan Emmett

•          "Dinah's Wedding Day"

•          "Division Street Jig", Z. Bacchus

•          "Dixie" (a.k.a. "Dixie's Land", "I Wish I Was in Dixie"), Dan Emmett contested, 1859

•          "Do Fare You Well Ladies" (1840s)

•          "Do I Do I Don't Do Nothing" (1825)

•          "Dr. Hekok Jig", Z. Bacchus, published by Dan Emmett

E

•          "Eelam Moore Jig", Dan Emmett (before 1854)

•          "Effects of the Brogue", (a.k.a. "Tatter Jack") Dan Emmett (by 1861)

F

•          "Far Fare You Well Ladies"

•          "Farewell My Lilly Dear", Stephen Foster (1851)

•          "The Fine Old Color'd Gentleman", Dan Emmett (1843)

•          "De Floating Scow Quickstep" (a.k.a. "Oh Carry Me Back to Old Virginny"*), E. Ferrett (1847)

•          "Forty Hosses in de Stable", J. Kierman (1840s)

•          "The Free Nigger", sung by R. W. Pelham (1841)

G

•          "Gantz's Jig", published by Dan Emmett

•          "Genuine Negro Jig", published by Dan Emmett

•          “Get along Home, Cindy” - possibly developed from a minstrel tune “Cindy Lou”

•          "Get Up in de Morning"

•          "Ginger Blue" (1841)

•          "Grape Vine Twist"

•          "Gonna Eat Ma Chicken 'Til I'm Fried"

•          "Gray Goose and Gander"

•          "Guinea Maid"

•          "Gumbo Chaff" (a.k.a. "Gombo Chaff"), early 1830s

•          "Gwine to de Mill", Jay R. Jenkins (1846)

H

•          "Happy Are We Darkies So Gay"

•          "Hard Times", Tom Briggs (1855)

•          "Hell on the Wabash Jig"

•          "High Daddy", Dan Emmett (1863)

•          "Hop Light, Loo", Dan Emmett (before 1854)

•          "Hot Corn"

I

•          "I Ain't Got Time to Tarry" (a.k.a. "The Land of Freedom"), Dan Emmett (1858)

•          "I'm Going Home to Dixie", Dan Emmett (1861)

•          "I'm Gwine ober de Mountain", Dan Emmett (1843)

•          "I Saw the Beam in My Sister's Eye"

•          "Ireland and Virginia"

J

•          "Jack on the Green", Dan Emmett

•          "James Crow", Sam Carusi (1832)

•          "Jenny Get Your Hoe Cake Done", popularized by Joel Sweeney (1840)

•          "Jim Along Josey", credited to "an Eminent professor" and performed by John N. Smith (1840)

•          "Jim Brown" (1835)

•          "Johnny Boker or De Broken Yoke in de Coaling Ground" (1840)

•          "Johnny Roach", Dan Emmett (1859)

•          "Jolly Raftsman"

•          "Jordan Is a Hard Road to Travel", Dan Emmett (1853)

•          "The Jolly Raftsman"

•          "Juba"

•          "Juber" (1840s)

•          "Jumbo Jum" (1840)

•          "Jump Jim Crow", (c. 1823, popularized by T.D. Rice in 1828)

K

•          "Kingdom Coming" (a.k.a. "Year of Jubilo"), Henry Clay Work (1862)

L

•          "Land of Canaan", played by J. Simmons (before 1860)

•          "A Life by the Galley Fire"

•          "De Long Island Nigger", Emma Snow (?) (c. 1848)

•          "Long Time Ago", John Cole (1833)

•          "Loozyanna Low Grounds", Dan Emmett (1859)

•          “Lucy Long”

•          "Lucy Neal"/"Lucy Neale" J. P. Carter (1844)

•          "Lynchburg Town"

M

•          "Marty Inglehart Jig", Dan Emmett (1845)

•          "Mary Blane" (a.k.a. "Mary Blain"), Billy Whitlock (1846)

•          "Massa Is a Stingy Man" (1841)

•          "Merry Sleigh Bells"

•          "Miss Lucy Long" (a.k.a. "Lucy Long", "Miss Lucy Song"), Dan Emmett and Frank Brower (1844), or Billy Whitlock (1842) or possibly Billy Whitlock (1838)

•          "Moze Haymar Jig", Dan Emmett (1845)

•          "My Old Kentucky Home", Stephen Foster (1853)

•          "My First Jig", Dan Emmett (c. 1840s)

•          "My Long Tail Blue" (1830s)

•          "My Old Aunt Sally" (1843)

•          "My Old Dad"/"Old Dad" (1844)

N

•          "Negro Jig", Dan Emmett (1845)

•          "Nelly Was a Lady", Stephen Foster (1849)

•          "New York Gals", Emma Snow?

•          "The Newton Jig", James Buckley (1860)

•          "Nigga General"

•          "Nigger on de Wood Pile", Dan Emmett (1845)

O

•          "(O Lud Gals) Gib Me Us Chaw Terbakur", words by Dan Emmett (1843)

•          "Oh, Come along John" a.k.a. "Walk along John" (1843)

•          "Oh, Ladies All!", Dan Emmett (published 1858, probably written in the 1840s)

•          "Oh Lemuel", Stephen Foster (1850)

•          "Oh! Susanna", Stephen Foster (1847)

•          "Old Bob Ridley", Charles White (1855)

•          "Old Dan Tucker", words by Dan Emmett (1843)

•          "Old Folks at Home", Stephen Foster (1851)

•          "Old Joe", F. M. Brower (1844)

•          “Old Joe Clark” — based on minstrel tune “Lucy Long”

•          "Old Joe Golden"

•          "Old Johnny Boker"

•          "Old King Crow"

•          "Old K. Y. Ky.", Dan Emmett (1860)

•          "Old Tar River"/Ole Tare River" (1840)

•          "Old Uncle Ned", Stephen Foster (1848)

•          "Ole Bull and Old Dan Tucker" (1844)

•          "The Ole Grey Goose" (1844)

•          "De Ole Jawbone" (and variants), perhaps Joel Sweeney (1840)

•          "Ole Pee Dee", J. P. Carter (1844)

•          "Ole Virginny Break Down" (1841)

•          "The One Horse Open Sleigh", (a.k.a. "Jingle Bells") James Lord Pierpont (1857)

•          "Joe Sweeney's Jig", published by Dan Emmett

•          "Owl Creek Quickstep", Dan Emmett

P

•          "Pea Patch Jig", Dan Emmett

•          "Peel's Jig"

•          "Peter Story Jig", Dan Emmett

•          "Philadelphia Gals"

•          "Philisee Charcoal"

•          "Picayune Butler (Ahoo! Ahoo!)"

•          "Picayune Butler's Come to Town" (before 1847)

•          "Polly Wolly Doodle

•          "Possum up the Gum-Tree"

Q

•          "Quaker's Jig", R. Myers

R

•          "Ring, Ring De Banjo", Stephen Foster (1851)

•          "Rise Old Napper"

•          "Road to Richmond", Dan Emmett (1864)

•          "Rob Ridley", Charles White (1855)

•          "Rock Susana", Horace Weston (1887)

•          "Root, Hog or Die", Dan Emmett (c. late 1840s or early 1850s)

•          "Rosa Lee"

S

•          "Sad to Leave Our Tater Land" (early 1850s)

•          "Sandy Boy", possibly Phil Rice (before 1858)

•          "Sandy Gibson's", Dan Emmett (1859)

•          "Seely Simpkins Jig", Dan Emmett

•          "Settin' on a Rail" (1836)

•          "Shoo Fly, Don't Bother Me" (1869)

•          "Sich a Gettin' Up Stairs" (c. 1834)

•          "Singing Darkey of the Ohio"

•          "Skeeters Do Bite"

•          "Sliding Jenny Jig", R. Myers

•          "Someone in de House wif Dinah", possibly Phil Rice (before 1858)

•          "Stop Dat Knocking", A. F. Winnemore (1847)

•          "Sugar Cane Green"

•          "Sugar in a Gourd"

•          "Suke of Tennessee"

•          "Susey Brown"/"Suzy Brown"

•          "Sweep Oh!"

T

•          "Tell Me Josey Whar You Bin" (1840)

•          "To the Cornfields Away"

•          "Tom Brigg's Jig", published by Dan Emmett

•          "Turkey in the Straw"

•          "'Twill Nebber Do to Gib It up So", Dan Emmett (1843)

U

•          "Uncle Gabriel" (1848)

V

•          "Van Bramer's Jig", published by Dan Emmett

•          "Virginia's Lubly Ground"

W

•          "Walk Along John" (1843)

•          "Walk Jaw Bone" (c. 1840)

•          "Westchester Nigga Song"

•          "Whar Did You Come From?" (subtitled "Knock a Nigger Down"), performed by Joel Sweeney (1840)

•          "Whar Is de Spot We Were Born?"

•          "What O' Dat", Dan Emmett (1859)

•          "Whoop Jamboree Jig"

•          "Who's Dat Knocking"

•          "Who's Dat Nigga Dar a Peepin" (1844)

•          "Wide Awake" a.k.a. "Dar's a Darkey in de Tent", Dan Emmett (early 1859)

•          "In de/In the Wild Raccoon Track"

•          "De Wild Goose-Nation", Dan Emmett (1844)

Y

•          "Yellow Corn"

Z

•          "Zip Coon" (a.k.a. "Old Zip Coon"), performed by George Washington Dixon (1829? 1835?)